The striking detail here is that the patient's post-shift numbers wouldn't have tripped the static alarms we currently use; a resting heart rate moving from 44 to 49 bpm is still "athletic" by population standards. What mattered was the synchronized shift in several metrics relative to his personal baseline.

Perhaps because statistics education attunes us to average over individual differences, any mention of "data" unfortunately makes people instinctively jump to this 'cross-sectional' corner... textbooks explain how the typical human body behaves, and standard education and medical practice respectively emphasize averaging and population-level guidelines.

I think this approach is limited in some fundamental ways, and forces a dilemma: either accept wide and unactionable bands for what counts as normal, or use narrow bands that over-pathologize most individuals as diseased. The natural consequence of this is to start "fixing" deviations, and this is the territory of dangerous over-steering. This is why the medical community is afraid of "incidentalomas" and over-intervention. Tests which are point-in-time and compare one human to others are problematic in this respect. This is especially acute when the body is measured along many axes: like a full body scan. Much like the US Air Force Study of pilots discovered that there is no single pilot compatible with the "average" pilot measurements, comparing metrics from an individual's full body scan to a cohort average is likely to drastically overestimate problems.

In some ways, learned systems (like our physiology which is constantly adapting to our individual environment and experiences) follow the opposite of the Anna Karenina principle: every healthy individual is healthy in their own way. So the real diagnostic leverage isn't comparing an individual to an aggregate human template, but measuring change against their own homeostasis, and this requires high temporal resolution, not wider population comparisons.

I'm currently exploring how to bring this kind of longitudinal tracking to higher-fidelity modalities like wearable imaging. If any clinicians or researchers here are thinking about how to operationalize personal baselines in practice, I'd love to chat (email in profile).

Longitudinal Changes InWearable-Captured PhysiologyBefore Sudden Cardiac Death